Measurement and Prediction of Total Friction Losses in Drip Irrigation Laterals with Cylindrical Integrated in-line Drip Emitters using CFD Analysis Method

The objective of this study was to predict total friction losses in drip irrigation laterals with cylindrical integrated inline  emitters at different spacing using Computational Fluid Dynamics insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(CFD); simulation method. Two types of drip  irrigation laterals with different technical specifications were used in the study. In the laboratory, the total friction losses  were measured in the laterals for different velocities. In CFD analysis, standard k-ε, RNG k-ε, realizable k-ε, Reynolds  Stress insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(RSM); with Linear Pressure-Strain insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(LPS); turbulence models and standard wall function, non-equilibrium wall  function, enhanced wall treatment were considered. CFD simulation results were compared with experimental total  friction losses in laterals. The highest prediction was obtained by RSM turbulence model with LPS using standard wall  function with the lowest values of MAPE insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(2.96%); and RMSE insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(369 Pa);.