Development and Validation of the Hope Scale for Secondary School Students in Turkey: A Study on Various Variables

Authors : Zübeyde Er, Perihan Dinç Artut, Ayten Pınar Bal

Pages : 161-186

Doi:10.47806/ijesacademic.1582765

View : 31 | Download : 80

Publication Date : 2025-09-10

Article Type : Research Paper

Abstract :In this study, a scale was developed to evaluate secondary school students’ levels of hope, and their hope levels were examined in terms of various variables through this scale. Initially, a draft scale consisting of 41 items was crafted by synthesizing existing literature and consulting experts in the field. The study was divided into two phases: the first involving 514 students for scale development and the second comprising 503 students for scale validation. Throughout the scale development process, confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses, Cronbach\\\'s Alpha and Guttman Split-half values were calculated. The final scale, comprising 22 items across four factors, accounted for 56.565% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis affirmed the adequacy of the model. The overall Cronbach\\\'s alpha value of the scale was determined as 0.896. As a result of the research, a valid and reliable scale was created. In addition, it was observed that the hope levels of the students did not differ significantly according to the variables of gender, academic achievement, and socio-economic level. However, there was a significant difference in the mean hope levels by grade, with fifth-grade students scoring higher, and by exposure to trauma, with those who had experienced trauma at least once having higher mean hope levels.
Keywords : COVID-19, Deprem, Umut Ölçeği, Ölçek Geliştirme, Ortaokul Öğrencileri

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