Architectural Design for Active Shooter Preparedness: A Simulation-Based Systematic Review

Authors : Abdurrahman Yağmur Topraklı, Muhsin Selçuk Satır

Pages : 97-122

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Publication Date : 2025-03-29

Article Type : Review Paper

Abstract :Active shooter incidents (ASIs) pose a grave threat to occupant safety in built environments. This systematic review methodically examines research on building design strategies to mitigate ASI risks and enhance occupant safety, with a particular emphasis on studies utilizing simulation modeling. Employing the PRISMA framework, we analyzed 75 relevant studies published since 2000. The review synthesizes findings across key themes, including: the impact of exit design and spatial configuration on evacuation efficiency; the effectiveness of security features such as access control, surveillance systems, and bullet-resistant materials; and the role of communication systems in facilitating information sharing and emergency response. We critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of different simulation modeling approaches, highlighting their contributions to understanding human behavior dynamics and informing evidence-based design strategies. The review also identifies knowledge gaps and future research directions for optimizing building design to enhance occupant safety and resilience during ASIs.
Keywords : Silahlı saldırı, Bina tasarımı, tahliye simülasyonu, iletişim sistemleri, kullanıcı güvenliği