Ottoman Calligraphy in the Westernization Period: Baroque Influence in Nusretiye Mosque Inscriptions

Authors : Ömer Faruk Dere

Pages : 284-310

Doi:10.26650/artsanat.2025.24.0011

View : 75 | Download : 60

Publication Date : 2025-08-12

Article Type : Research Paper

Abstract :This study examines the development of calligraphy, which reached its peak in 19th-century19th century Ottoman Istanbul, within the broader context of the period of Westernization. Unlike other traditional Ottoman arts such as architecture, bookbinding, illumination and miniature painting, calligraphy developed at a later stage, necessitating an examination of its interaction with Western artistic traditions. In this context, the study addresses the stylistic changes introduced by Baroque and Rococo ornamentation after the Tulip Period, with a particular focus on the jali thuluth inscriptions in the Tophane Nusretiye Mosque, a remarkable example of Baroque architecture. The research mainly focuses on the innovations of Mustafa Rakım Efendi (1757-1826), one of the most important calligraphers of the 19th century, who introduced a pictorial perspective to the jali thuluth script. His design approach, influenced by socio-cultural factors, is analyzed using a comparative method, emphasizing his holistic and harmonious integration of optical principles. The study also examines how Baroque aesthetics influenced Mustafa Rakım Efendi’s compositions, illustrating the structural transformation of Ottoman calligraphy from a classical line-oriented tradition to a more dynamic and progressive approach. Finally, the study provides an in-depth evaluation of the Western visual and cultural influences on Ottoman calligraphy through Mustafa Rakım Efendi’s works.
Keywords : Hat Sanatı, Batılılaşma, Barok, Nusretiye Camii, Mustafa Râkım Efendi

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