Revisiting the Kuznets Hypothesis: The Role of HDI and GDP in High and Upper-Middle Income Countries (1990-2018) Using Panel Data

Authors : Damla Gökmen Demirci, Orhan Kandemir, Asiye Tütüncü

Pages : 403-426

Doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2026.01.17

View : 127 | Download : 140

Publication Date : 2026-01-31

Article Type : Research Paper

Abstract :This study examines the Kuznets hypothesis in high and upper-middle-income countries from 1990 to 2018 using panel data analysis. Income inequality dynamics are analysed with two economic development indicators: the Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. Two models are built to conduct cointegration analysis and estimate long-run coefficients. The Westerlund and Edgerton (2007) test assesses cointegration, while the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) approach estimates long-term coefficients. Findings indicate a pronounced U-shaped relationship in both country groups and suggest that HDI explains income inequality more effectively than GDP per capita.
Keywords : Kuznets Hipotezi, İGE, Gelir Eşitsizliği, İktisadi Gelişme

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