Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of the Sea Cucumber-Holothuria tubulosa

Authors : Hilal Top-haytaoğlu, Ayşegül İnam, Tülay Öncü Öner, Murat Elibol

Pages : 745-762

View : 130 | Download : 177

Publication Date : 2025-12-31

Article Type : Research Paper

Abstract :Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have garnered significant attention for their biomedical applications, owing to their potent antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity against cancer cells. In this study, we synthesized these nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing a novel approach involving deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction of the sea cucumber-Holothuria tubulosa. Choline chloride-urea (1:2) was used as a DES, facilitating the green synthesis without hazardous chemicals. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine total phenolic and carbohydrate content of the extract. UV–Vis, DLS and FTIR characterized NPs. The absorption peaks in 400 nm for AgNPs and 378 nm for ZnO-NPs were observed on the UV-Vis. DLS prediction of AgNPs size at 202.2 nm and ZnO-NPs size at 269.9 nm. The cytotoxic activities of the synthesized NPs and DES extract of H. tubulosa were evaluated against SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma and BJ normal skin fibroblast cell lines using MTT assay. Cytotoxic effects were observed for all samples in SH-SY5Y cells. However, the IC50 value could not be calculated for BJ cells because it was outside the range of the highest concentration tested. Moreover, the antibacterial activities of NPs and DES extract of H. tubulosa were investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The AgNPs exhibited significant inhibitory effects against both tested bacterial strains, demonstrating their antibacterial activity. Overall, the green synthesis of NPs using DES derived from sea cucumber represents a sustainable approach. These findings underscore potential of the sea cucumber-derived DES-mediated synthesis of NPs for biomedical applications, including cancer therapy and antimicrobial coatings.
Keywords : Deep eutectic solvents, sea cucumber, nanoparticles, antibacterial, cytotoxicity

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