D-Optimal Design-Based Formulation and Evaluation of Tamanu Oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) Emulgel for Open Wound Healing and Erythema Reduction in Male Wistar Rats

Authors : Rita Rakhmawati, Anif Nur Artanti, Rizka Ayuningtyas, Kuni Hanifah, Fitrawan Hernuza Pribadi, Nestri Handayani

Pages : 745-762

Doi:10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1763586

View : 55 | Download : 130

Publication Date : 2025-10-30

Article Type : Research Paper

Abstract :Tamanu oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) is recognized for its wound-healing potential; however, its oily consistency and formulation instability restrict its topical application. To address these limitations, this study aimed to develop and optimize a stable tamanu oil-based emulgel using a D-optimal mixture design in Design Expert® software. It then evaluated its wound healing activity in an open wound model. The formulation was optimized by varying the concentrations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and propylene glycol, with pH and viscosity as response variables. The selected formulation (24.72% HPMC and 75.28% propylene glycol) was assessed in vivo in male Wistar rats. Wound healing progression was monitored over 21 days and analyzed using ImageJ. Percentage wound closure and erythema duration were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA, followed by LSD post hoc analysis for wound closure (AUC-based) and Duncan’s test for erythema. The optimized emulgel showed favorable physicochemical properties and maintained stability over four weeks. In vivo, it achieved 96.66% wound closure by day 15 and complete closure by day 21, with a significantly lower AUC (6.53 ± 1.08; p < 0.05) compared to the control groups. Erythema resolved more rapidly in the tamanu group, supporting its anti-inflammatory potential.
Keywords : D-optimal tasarım, emuljel formülasyonu, tamanu yağı, yara iyileşmesi

ORIGINAL ARTICLE URL