Analysis of Square Kufic Calligraphy at Some Historical Buildings in Istanbul

The square kufıc (ma’ qıli) calligraphy, frequently employed as early as the 11th century in the architecture of the Great Seljuks and Anatolian Seljuks periods, gradually yielded its place to other calligraphic styles and penwork embellishments in Ottoman constructions. Conversely, compared to other script forms, an insufficient body of scientific research is dedicated to the accurate comprehension and thorough recognition of ma’qili calligraphic art. This unique calligraphic style, which is not traditionally imparted within conventional calligraphy education and is currently witnessing renewed interest in Islamic architecture and art across various countries, necessitates comprehensive studies to elucidate its nuanced reading and compositional logic. This article undertakes a detailed exploration of some Square Kufıc calligraphy from the era of Mimar Sinan in Istanbul to the period preceding Sinan’s time. In addition to analyzing the content and compositions of the inscriptions, specific errors and interpretations are also addressed.