Gender Segregation in Bulgarian Labor Market

This article analyzes the persistent gender-based segregation in Bulgaria’s labor market, focusing on both horizontal and vertical dimensions. Despite notable progress in gender equality, the workforce remains strongly divided, with women concentrated in lower-paid, traditionally feminine sectors such as education, healthcare, and administrative services, while men dominate higher-status fields including technology, engineering, and finance. Vertical segregation further reinforces inequality, as women—despite their strong presence in many sectors—remain significantly underrepresented in managerial and decision-making positions, reflecting enduring “glass ceiling” barriers. The study highlights several socio-economic and cultural factors underpinning these patterns, including gendered expectations around caregiving, discriminatory hiring practices, and unequal access to career advancement. Although Bulgarian legislation formally prohibits gender discrimination, entrenched societal norms continue to shape labor market outcomes, contributing to wage gaps and higher unemployment rates among young women. The article argues that comprehensive policy reforms are needed to reduce gender segregation, promote equal opportunities, and strengthen the inclusiveness and long-term sustainability of Bulgaria’s labor market.