Subjective Effort Scale for Athletes (SESA): A Validity and Reliability Study

Authors : Nuriye Şeyma Kara

Pages : 1019-1033

Doi:10.17860/mersinefd.1739580

View : 55 | Download : 129

Publication Date : 2025-12-22

Article Type : Research Paper

Abstract :This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to assess athletes’ subjective effort levels by evaluating their psychological and physical efforts toward their athletic goals. The scale development process involved focus group interviews, open-ended compositions, literature reviews, and expert opinions. Based on content validity analyses, a pilot draft form comprising 34 items was created. The scale was designed as a 7-point Likert-type instrument, ranging from 1 = “Does Not Describe Me at All” to 7 = “Describes Me Completely.” Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure—Psychological Effort and Physical Effort—which explained 56.47% of the total variance. The factor structure was tested through confirmatory factor analysis, and the model fit indices indicated acceptable levels (χ²/df = 4.46, RMSEA = .055, CFI = .98, GFI = .95). Reliability analysis yielded Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of α = .90 for Psychological Effort, α = .71 for Physical Effort, and α = .88 for the overall scale. The findings suggest that the Subjective Effort Scale for Athletes is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring subjective effort levels in athletes.
Keywords : Öznel çaba, Sporcu, ölçek geliştirme, Geçerlik, güvenirlik

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