Effects of exposure to 2G/3G cell phone radiation on in vitro fertilization, subsequent development and sex distribution of bovine embryos

During the thousand years of human evolution, the male to female ratio was practically equal, but it has recently changed in some way. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones on in vitro fertilization, embryo growth, and sex differentiation in cattle embryos. MII oocytes obtained from ovaries taken from slaughterhouse were used as research material. Gametes were exposed to electromagnetic fields by having a mobile phone inside the incubator that would periodically ring. On days 7 and 8, blastocyst development stages and embryo cleavage rates were evaluated. Additionally, the rates of cleavage for different time intervals after in vitro fertilization were noted. The sex determination of the embryos produced in vitro was determined by using polymerase chain reaction insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(PCR);. As a result, it was found that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields could mainly reduce blastomere count, embryo diameter, and embryo quality rather than a having major adverse effect on the development of cattle embryos. Additionally, it was shown that exposure to electromagnetic fields appears to drastically reduce the chances of male survival.