Particle swarm optimization based design of a terahertz antenna with a modified photonic band gap substrate for 6G future wireless communications

In this study, an antenna is proposed that operates at THz spectrum for sixth generation insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(6G); short-range future wireless communications. A modified photonic band gap insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(MPBG); substrate is employed to design an octagonal ring shaped microstrip patch antenna with wideband and high gain properties. Unlike the conventional photonic band gap insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(PBG); form, the proposed MPBG substrate structure is created by variable sized cylindrical air holes. The radii of each air cylinder in the row is determined with the help of particle swarm optimization insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(PSO); algorithm, where the goal is set to achieve the highest gain and impedance bandwidth insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(S_11≤-10 dB); possible. The simulation results of the antennas that are built on 1); non-PBG, 2); conventional PBG and 3); the proposed MPBG substrate structures are compared. It is observed that the radiation performance is most enhanced by implementing MPBG structure. In comparison to the antenna without PBG, the reported MPBG structure offers almost 300% gain and 11% bandwidth improvement. To summarize, the designed antenna with its proposed MPBG substrate structure achieves an excellent radiation performance within a wide operating bandwidth.