Development of Human Brain Organoids, The Formation of Neural Circuits and Relationship with Neurodevelopmental Diseases

Authors : Yağmur Kırbayır, Hatice Bashir, Sude Naz Çataltepe, Nigar Sahra Karabul, Pelin Saraçoğlu, Murat Ihlamur

Pages : 30-36

Doi:10.58688/kujs.1534932

View : 42 | Download : 49

Publication Date : 2025-07-31

Article Type : Review Paper

Abstract :Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are known as two types of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) capable of self-renewing indefinitely in culture and differentiating into almost any type of human cell. Brain organoids, derived from pluripotent stem cells, serve as an extremely valuable resource for the scientific community. They are utilized to study the pathophysiology, tissue engineering, and development processes of human brains, distinguished by their ability to mimic natural growth mechanisms. In particular, human cortical organoids (hCOs) derived from human embryonic stem cells provide an excellent model for detailed three-dimensional investigations of human brain development and disorders. Despite advancements in this field, several unresolved issues persist. These limitations include non-functional blood arteries, restricted development of microglia, and the incomplete formation of the six distinct layers of the cortex. Additionally, the lack of microvascularization in modern hCOs limits the amount of oxygen and nutrients that can reach the inner regions of the hCOs. This review addresses the methods used for creating brain organoids and examines the challenges encountered in these processes. Furthermore, it highlights the latest advancements in the development of brain organoids and provides updated insights into their potential applications in studying early brain development and neurological disorders.
Keywords : Kök hücre, Beyin, Doku Mühendisliği, Rejeneratif Tıp, Beyin Organoidleri

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