The Political Economy of Gender Inequality in BRICS: A Panel Data Analysis

Authors : Pınar Çuhadar, Reyhan Cafrı

Pages : 690-718

Doi:10.33708/ktc.1739033

View : 89 | Download : 119

Publication Date : 2025-11-30

Article Type : Research Paper

Abstract :This study examines the political economy of gender inequality in BRICS countries—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—between 1990 and 2018 using panel data analysis. Focusing on two key dimensions of gender inequality, namely women’s educational attainment and labor force participation, the study explores how institutional (democracy), cultural (religion), economic (GDP per capita, trade openness), and demographic (fertility) factors shape gender disparities. Employing multiple estimation techniques including Random Effects, Panel Weighted Regression (PWR), and Fixed Effects Vector Decomposition (FEVD), the analysis reveals contrasting dynamics across education and labor force outcomes. While GDP per capita significantly improves educational attainment, it does not translate into higher female labor participation. Religious affiliations and higher fertility rates exert consistent and negative effects across both models, underscoring the role of cultural and demographic constraints. Trade openness is positively associated with women’s labor market participation in some specifications, suggesting potential benefits from global integration. The findings highlight that economic growth and institutional development are insufficient in overcoming entrenched gender barriers without targeted social and cultural reforms. The study recommends multidimensional policy strategies that combine inclusive economic policies with social programs aimed at reducing fertility-related constraints and challenging restrictive gender norms.
Keywords : Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği, BRICS Ülkeleri, Panel Veri Analizi

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