A comparison of the clinical effects associated with xylazine, ketamine, and a xylazine-ketamine cocktail in pigeons (Columba livia)

Authors : Uzma F DURRANI, Muhammad ASHRAF, Muhammad A KHAN

Pages : 413-417

View : 26 | Download : 8

Publication Date : 0000-00-00

Article Type : Research Paper

Abstract :A study was conducted to compare the clinical effects of xylazine, ketamine, and a cocktail of them in pigeons insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(Columbia livia);. For this study 15 adult and healthy pigeons were divided into 3 equal groups: A - xylazine insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(16 mg/kg);, B - ketamine insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(60 mg/kg); and C - xylazine-ketamine cocktail insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(8 mg/kg + 30 mg/kg, respectively);. All treatments were administered intramuscularly. Onset of action was smooth with a mean time of onset of 13.4 ± 2.78 min, 11 ± 1.49 min, and 1.6 ± 0.51 min, respectively. In group A and B light sedation and a light plane of anaesthesia were achieved, respectively, accompanied by superficial analgesia. Group C birds showed deep anaesthesia accompanied by profound analgesia. Hypothermia, respiratory depression insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(due to intercostals muscle relaxation and hypothermia); and bradycardia persisted until recovery in groups A and C, while birds in group B showed hyperthermia, tachycardia, and shallow respiration. The effects persisted for 33.7 ± 5.94 min, 47.7 ± 8.06 min, and 112.9 ± 36.51 min, with a recovery period of 65.9 ± 22.22 min, 52.6 ± 9.64 min, and 96.2 ± 19.06 min, for groups A, B, and C, respectively. Recovery was rough in group B and smooth in groups A and C. Results of the study suggested that in pigeons the use of xylazine insert ignore into journalissuearticles values(alone); is safe for handling and less painful procedures while a xylazine-ketamine cocktail is a suitable anaesthesia for painful procedures at the dosages used in the study. Ketamine alone is not recommended for anaesthesia in pigeons.
Keywords : Key words Xylazine ketamine cocktail, sedatives, anaesthetics, analgesic, pigeons