Value Theories in Early Modern and Nineteenth-Century Philosophy

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Value Theories in Early Modern and Nineteenth-Century Philosophy

Value Theories in Early Modern and Nineteenth-Century Philosophy

Pages : 804-815

View : 24 | Download : 63

Publication Date : 2025-12-19

Article Type : Research Paper

Abstract :This article analyzes the philosophical foundations of value theory in the Early Modern period and the nineteenth century, focusing on the transformation of attitudes toward human values, individuality, and relativism. The study examines the contributions of Duns Scotus and William of Ockham in shaping an early discourse on value autonomy, and explores Michel de Montaigne’s role in linking pragmatist and functionalist traditions to the development of European axiology. The Rationalist era introduced a new hierarchy of values—reason, freedom of will, practical utility, science, and progress—which were systematically justified in the works of Francis Bacon, René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Particular emphasis is placed on Spinoza’s concept of the “model of human nature” as a universal bearer of value. The article also provides a critical examination of value theories formulated by John Locke, Anthony Shaftesbury, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, G. W. F. Hegel, Hermann Lotze, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Franz Brentano, who collectively laid the groundwork for the establishment of axiology as an independent philosophical discipline.
Keywords : Erken Modern Felsefe, Aksiyoloji, Değer Kuramı, Öznellik, Nesnellik, Rasyonalizm

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